THE HABSUBRG DYNASTY

1. THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I

1.1 HEIR TO AN EMPIRE

Charles I of Spain, how was also Charles V of Germany, was the son of Joanna os Castile (daughter of the Catholic Monarch) And the German prince Philip of Habsburg. His inheritance included:

·From his mother's side, the kingdom of Catile, Navarre, The Crown of Aragon and territories in America and Italy.



· From fahter's side, the Netherlands, luxerburg and Franche-Comté. When his grandfather, the emperor maximilian, died, he also inherited his German territories and was given the title os Emperor.

1.2 PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EMPIRE

Charles I ruled  from 1516 to 1559 but took little intered in the Iberian Peninsula. Several revolts took place during his reign:

·The revolts of the comuneros (1520-1521) was an uprising of nobles, the bourgeoisie and the peasants  of Castile against the king's economic policy.
The revolt was the defeated by the army of Charles I.

·The revolt of the Brotherhoods (1521-1523) was an uprising of the artian and peasants  in Valencia and Mallorca. The artians wanted access to goverment officie and the peasants wanted better rental conditions. The king's army supprussed the revolts.

1.3 PROBLEMS ABROAD 

Charles I also found against foreing powers to defend his authority and the Catholic religion:

·He went to war with France (1525-1544), his great Europeans rival, and defeated the French army in the Battle of Pavia.

·He fought the Turks ( 1529 - 1541), who threatened to invade the area around the rivar Danube and the Mediterranean and sea.

·He confronted the German princes, who supported Lutheram reform. After several wars, the Emperor was froced to accept Catholics and Protestants as equals and signed the Peace of Augsburg (1555)

2.THE SPANISH EMPIRE OF PHILIP II

2.1PHILIP II'S GOBERNMENT

In 1556, Charles I gave the tittle of Emperor  of Germany and his Austrian territories to his yonger son Ferdinand. He gave the rest of his territories, which included Spain, to his olsder son Philip.

Philip II goverment very differently frim his father.
He paid special attetion to the interests os the Spanish monarchy and issued political orders from Madrid, which became the state capital in 1561.

THe power of the monarchy increased as Philip II made all political decision with the help of an army of civil servant. As a result, the Cortes was very rarely convened.

Phipip II extended the symtem os advisory councils.
He also established royal officials called corregidors to represent rroyal authrity in local areas.

Philip II continued his father's fight against Protestantism. He used the Inquisition to persecuted people sespected of not being true Catholics. PHilip's repression of MUslim cinvert in Andalusia led to the Morisco Revolt of 1568, which was suppressed in 1571.








 

 

 2.2FOREIGN POLICY

   Philip II tried to maintain Spanish power in Europe an impose the Catholic religion. Tjis policy led his forces into several armed conflicts:

 -Against the French, who he defeated in the Bsttle of Saint-Quentin in 1557.

-Against the Turks, who he defeated in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

-Against England, wich supported the Protestants and attacked Spanish ships trading with America. He sent the Spanish Armada ti invade England, but the fleet was destroyed in a storm.

-Against Flanders, wich revolted against high taxes and suffered because of the religious conflict. Philip II sent tercios (infrante formationa) of the area, but they were unable to resolve the problem.


When the king of Portugal died without an heir, Philip II annexed Portugal.

3. SPAINSH ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE

3.1 THE ECONOMY

Durieng the 16th century, large amounts of gold and silver were brought to Spain from America. THis caused price rises, reducing the purchasing power and standard os living os ordinary people.

An increase in the demad for goods from America led to growth in trade and commerce.

Most trade took place in Catilian cities and Atloantic ports, such as Seville.

Spanish and foreign traders brought goods from all over Europe to the IBerian Peninsula. TRaders then distributed American goods such as cocoa, sugar and coffe across the European continent.

Spain could not meet the domestic demand for agricultural products. Most of the land belomged to the aristocracy or the Church and was used mostly for livestock farming.

16TH CENTURY

3.2 SOCIETY

  In the 16th century, the population of Spain increased, especially in Castile. The majority of the population continued to live in countryside, and the cities had few inhabitants.

   The orivileged class was made up of nobles and clergy, who owned most of the land. Eighty percent of the population were peasants (pecheros), who paid taxes and had limited rights.

   Oher groups of Spanish society included Moriscos (convert in Muslims) and converted Jews. These groups were the constant targets of religious and ethnic persecution.

THE DECLINE OF THE  EMPIRE IN THE 17TH CENTURY

4.1. PHILIP III: THE GOMERNMENT OF FAVOURITES

   Monarch in the 17th century left governing to favourites, who became very powerful ministers.
During his short reign, Philip III delegated power to the Duke of Lerma, who maintained peaceb abroad.

   In 1609, Philip III ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from the Peninsula. This made the shortage fo agricultural products worse because the majpority of Moriscos were peasants and many rural areas were left almost unpopulated.ç





















 

PHILI IV : THE END OF EUROPEAN DOMINANCE.

 

Philip IV appointed the Count-Duke os Olivares as his favourite. He wanted to maintain Habsburg dominance in Europe.

This policy led to a war with France known as the Thrity Years' War (1618-1648). The war ended with the signing os the Peace os Westphalia treaty in 1648, in wich Spain recognised the independence of the Netherlands.

In 1649, there were popular uprisings in Andalusia, Portugal and Catalonia against Olivares's demand for soldiers and taxes to support the war.

In Andalusia the revolt was suppessed, but Portugal managed to separated from the Spanish Crown with support from England and France.

Catalonia also received help from the French and the ensuing conflict continued until 1652. The war between Spain and France finally ended with the singning of the Treaty os the Pyrenees in 1659, in which Roussillon and Artois became part os France.

4.3 CHARLES II: CRISIS IN THE HASBURG MONARCHY 

    Spain experienced a period of crisis during the regin of Charles II, Spain's last Hasburg monarch. The crisisi was caused by the king's incompetence, corruption among his favourites and a number of economic problems.

   When Charles II died without an heir in 1700, the War opf the Spanish Succession broke out between Philip of FRance's Bourbon dynasty and Charles of Austria. The victory of the French brougth an end to the Habsburg monarchy in Spàin.

 

 5.1CRISIS IN THE CROWN OS CASTILE

In the 17th century, there was a sharp decreased in the population os Castile because of emigration to America, wars, epidemics and the expulsion of the Moriscos.

As agricultural conditions worsedned, many peasants moved to cities. Livestock farming also suffered, after years of war and drought had destroyed pastureland.

During this period, industry and trade decreased significantly because of foreign competition, poverty and limited demand for goods from America.

While the nobles acquired more new property and other luxuries, the peasant, artisans and hidalgos struggled to survive the economic crisis. Many people became pícaros, begging and stealing on the city streets.

5.2 THE CRISIS AND THE CROWN OS ARAGON

   The crisis did not have the same affect on places like Aragon, wich had not been central to American trade. In the 17th century, Aragon's more stable economy allowed new trading companies to appear, and silk textile industry also  began.

Realizated by: Paula Guerrero Muñoz y María Guerrero Suárez.